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he tried to base his life on this theory

  • 1 base

    I 1. noun
    1) (of lamp, pyramid, wall, mountain, microscope) Fuß, der; (of cupboard, statue) Sockel, der; (fig.) (support) Basis, die; (principle) Ausgangsbasis, die; (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil, der; (of make-up) Grundlage, die
    2) (Mil.) Basis, die; Stützpunkt, der; (fig.): (for sightseeing) Ausgangspunkt, der
    3) (Baseball) Mal, das

    get to first base — (fig. coll.) [wenigstens] etwas erreichen

    4) (Archit., Geom., Surv., Math.) Basis, die
    5) (Chem.) Base, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) gründen (on auf + Akk.)

    base one's hopes on something — seine Hoffnung auf etwas (Akk.) gründen

    a book based on newly discovered papers — ein Buch, das auf neu entdeckten Dokumenten basiert

    2) in pass.

    be based in Paris — (permanently) in Paris sitzen; (temporarily) in Paris sein

    3)

    base oneself on — sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)

    II adjective
    1) (morally low) niederträchtig; niedrig [Beweggrund]
    2) (cowardly) feige; (selfish) selbstsüchtig; (mean) niederträchtig
    * * *
    I 1. [beis] noun
    1) (the foundation, support, or lowest part (of something), or the surface on which something is standing: the base of the statue; the base of the triangle; the base of the tree.) die Basis, das Unterteil
    2) (the main ingredient of a mixture: This paint has oil as a base.) die Grundlage
    3) (a headquarters, starting-point etc: an army base.) der Ausgangspunkt
    2. verb
    ((often with on) to use as a foundation, starting-point etc: I base my opinion on evidence; Our group was based in Paris.) stützen, gründen
    - academic.ru/5645/baseless">baseless
    II [beis] adjective
    (wicked or worthless: base desires.) niederträchtig
    - basely
    - baseness
    * * *
    base1
    [beɪs]
    I. n
    1. (bottom) of mountain, tree, lamp Fuß m; of vase, glass Boden m; of statue, sculpture, column Sockel m, Fuß m; ANAT of spine Basis f, Unterteil nt
    \base of the brain Gehirnbasis f
    2. (basis) of opinion Grundlage f; of research Ausgangspunkt m, Basis f
    3. (foundation) Grundlage f, Basis f, Ausgangspunkt m; (of paint) Substrat nt, Grundstoff m
    4. (main location) Hauptsitz m; MIL Basis f, Stützpunkt m, Standort m
    5. (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil m, Grundstoff m
    6. (first ingredient used) Grundlage f, Untergrund m; (for painting) Grundierung f
    7. CHEM Base f, Lauge f
    8. BIOL [Purin]base f
    9. MATH (number) Grundzahl f, Basis f; (of triangle) Basis f, Grundlinie f, Grundseite f; (for solids) Grundfläche f
    10. ELEC (middle of transistor) Basis[zone] f
    11. LING (primary morpheme) [Wort]stamm m; (root) Wurzel f
    12. SPORT (in baseball) Mal nt, Base f
    to touch second \base bis zur zweiten Base kommen
    13.
    ▶ to get to first \base esp AM ( fig fam) etw erreichen, einen Schritt nach vorn machen
    ▶ to get to first \base with sb esp AM ( fam) bei jdm landen können fam
    ▶ to be off \base AM ( fam: be mistaken) falschliegen; (be surprised) völlig überrascht sein
    ▶ to touch \base esp AM sich akk mit jdm in Verbindung setzen, sich akk bei jdm melden
    II. vt
    1.
    ▪ to be \based firm seinen Sitz haben; soldier stationiert sein
    2. (taken from)
    ▪ to be \based on sth auf etw dat basieren [o beruhen
    3. (prove)
    ▪ to \base sth on sth speculation etw auf etw akk stützen [o gründen]
    base2
    [beɪs]
    1. ( liter: immoral) niederträchtig, gemein, feige, niedrig
    \base crime niederträchtiges [o feiges] Verbrechen
    \base motives niedere Beweggründe
    2. (menial) work, job niedrig, geringwertig, untergeordnet, minderwertig
    * * *
    I [beɪs]
    1. n
    1) (= lowest part) Basis f; (= that on which sth stands also) Unterlage f; (ARCHIT, of column also) Fuß m; (= support for statue etc) Sockel m; (of lamp, tree, mountain) Fuß m; (= undercoat also) Grundierung f

    at the base (of) — unten (an +dat )

    2) (= main ingredient) Basis f, Haupt- or Grundbestandteil m
    3) (of theory) Basis f; (= starting point also) Ausgangspunkt m; (= foundation also) Grundlage f
    4) (MIL ETC fig for holidays, climbing etc) Standort m, Stützpunkt m
    5) (BASEBALL) Mal nt, Base nt

    at or on second base — auf Mal or Base 2, auf dem zweiten Mal or Base

    to touch or cover all the bases ( US fig ) — an alles denken

    6) (GRAM) Wortstamm m, Wortwurzel f
    7) (MATH) Basis f, Grundzahl f
    8) (CHEM) Lauge f, Base f
    9) (GEOMETRY) Basis f; (of plane figure also) Grundlinie f; (of solid also) Grundfläche f
    2. vt

    to be based on — ruhen auf (+dat); (statue) stehen auf

    2) (fig) opinion, theory gründen, basieren (on auf +acc); hopes, theory also setzen (on auf +acc); relationship also bauen (on auf +acc)

    to be based on sb/sth — auf jdm/etw basieren; (hopes, theory also) sich auf jdn/etw stützen

    to base one's technique on sb/sth —

    he tried to base his life on this theory — er versuchte, nach dieser Theorie zu leben

    3) (MIL) stationieren

    the company is based in London — die Firma hat ihren Sitz in London

    I am based in Glasgow but cover all of Scotland — mein Büro ist in Glasgow, aber ich bereise ganz Schottland

    II
    adj (+er)
    1) motive, character niedrig; person, thoughts, action, lie, slander gemein, niederträchtig
    2) (= inferior) task, level niedrig; coin falsch, unecht; metal unedel
    3) (obs) birth (= low) niedrig (old); (= illegitimate) unehelich
    * * *
    base1 [beıs]
    A s
    1. auch fig Basis f, Grundlage f, Fundament n (auch arch)
    2. fig Ausgangspunkt m, -basis f
    3. Grund-, Hauptbestandteil m (einer Arznei etc), Grundstoff m
    4. CHEM Base f
    5. ARCH Basis f, Sockel m, Postament n (einer Säule etc)
    6. MATH
    a) Basis f, Grundlinie f oder -fläche f
    b) Träger m (einer Punktreihe)
    c) Basis f, Grundzahl f (eines Logarithmen- oder Zahlensystems oder einer Potenz)
    d) Bezugsgröße f
    7. Landvermessung: Standlinie f
    8. BIOL
    a) Befestigungspunkt m (eines Organs)
    b) Basis f, Unterteil n/m:
    base of the brain ANAT Gehirnbasis
    9. MIL
    a) Standort m
    c) (Luftwaffen- etc) Stützpunkt m
    d) Etappe f
    10. Baseball: Mal n:
    be off base US umg auf dem Holzweg sein;
    catch sb off base US umg jemanden überraschen oder -rumpeln;
    get to first base US umg einen ersten (erfolgreichen) Schritt tun;
    he didn’t get to first base with her US umg er hat bei ihr überhaupt nichts erreicht;
    touch base with US umg sich in Verbindung setzen mit
    a) Start(punkt) m
    b) Ziel(punkt) n(m)
    12. LING Stamm m
    13. TECH
    a) Montage-, Grundplatte f, Sockel m, Gestell n
    b) (Gehäuse-, Maschinen) Unterteil n/m
    c) Fundament n, Unterlage f, Bettung f
    d) Sohle f (einer Mauer)
    e) Trägerstoff m (z. B. für Magnetschicht)
    f) MIL (Geschoss) Boden m
    14. ELEK (Lampen-, Röhren) Sockel m, (-)Fassung f
    15. Färberei: Beize f
    16. GEOL (das) Liegende
    B v/t
    1. stützen, gründen ( beide:
    on, upon auf akk):
    base one’s hopes on seine Hoffnungen bauen auf (akk);
    be based on beruhen oder basieren auf (dat);
    base o.s. on sich verlassen auf (akk); → based 1
    2. MIL stationieren: → based 3 a
    3. eine Basis bilden für
    C adj als Basis dienend, Grund…, Ausgangs…
    base2 [beıs] adj (adv basely)
    1. gemein, niederträchtig:
    base motives niedrige Beweggründe
    2. minderwertig
    3. unedel: → base metal 1
    4. falsch, unecht:
    a) Br Falschgeld n,
    b) US Scheidemünze f
    5. LING unrein, unklassisch
    6. JUR Br HIST dienend:
    base estate durch gemeine Dienstleistungen erworbenes Lehen
    7. MUS obs Bass…:
    base tones Basstöne
    8. obs niedrigen Standes
    9. obs unehelich
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (of lamp, pyramid, wall, mountain, microscope) Fuß, der; (of cupboard, statue) Sockel, der; (fig.) (support) Basis, die; (principle) Ausgangsbasis, die; (main ingredient) Hauptbestandteil, der; (of make-up) Grundlage, die
    2) (Mil.) Basis, die; Stützpunkt, der; (fig.): (for sightseeing) Ausgangspunkt, der
    3) (Baseball) Mal, das

    get to first base — (fig. coll.) [wenigstens] etwas erreichen

    4) (Archit., Geom., Surv., Math.) Basis, die
    5) (Chem.) Base, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) gründen (on auf + Akk.)

    a book based on newly discovered papers — ein Buch, das auf neu entdeckten Dokumenten basiert

    2) in pass.

    be based in Paris — (permanently) in Paris sitzen; (temporarily) in Paris sein

    3)

    base oneself on — sich stützen auf (+ Akk.)

    II adjective
    1) (morally low) niederträchtig; niedrig [Beweggrund]
    2) (cowardly) feige; (selfish) selbstsüchtig; (mean) niederträchtig
    * * *
    n.
    Basis Basen f.
    Boden ¨-- (von Gefäß) m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Grundzahl f.
    Sockel - m.
    Unterlage f.

    English-german dictionary > base

  • 2 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

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